![[AWS] fix lỗi “sudo: /etc/sudo.conf is owned by uid 996, should be 0”](https://syslife.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/aws-fixsudo-0-360x180.png)
I. Tản mạn
Ansible hỗ trợ lấy biến của host, cách lấy như sau:
với ad-hoc:
| sudo ansible -i hosts 104.207.151.59 -m setup -u root |
file hosts đã có sẵn nha quí dị =)) chạy không được rồi lại chửi tui đi, tạo file hosts và thêm vào line đầu tiên IP là được.
Còn nếu chưa có file hosts hoặc muốn chạy mà không cần file hosts thì mình làm như sau
| ansible all -i “104.207.151.59,” -m setup -u root -k |
chú ý có dấu “,” sau IP nha. Mình search google mãi mới ra cách này đó 😀
104.207.151.59 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"ansible_all_ipv4_addresses": [
"104.207.151.59"
],
"ansible_all_ipv6_addresses": [],
"ansible_apparmor": {
"status": "disabled"
},
"ansible_architecture": "x86_64",
"ansible_bios_date": "04/01/2014",
"ansible_bios_version": "rel-1.12.1-0-ga5cab58e9a3f-prebuilt.qemu.org",
"ansible_cmdline": {
"BOOT_IMAGE": "/boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.12.1.el7.x86_64",
"LANG": "en_US.UTF-8",
"consoleblank": "0",
"crashkernel": "auto",
"quiet": true,
"rhgb": true,
"ro": true,
"root": "UUID=e9842005-de6f-45ec-b782-a60f850f532d"
},
"ansible_date_time": {
"date": "2020-05-23",
"day": "23",
"epoch": "1590208561",
"hour": "04",
"iso8601": "2020-05-23T04:36:01Z",
"iso8601_basic": "20200523T043601531323",
"iso8601_basic_short": "20200523T043601",
"iso8601_micro": "2020-05-23T04:36:01.531422Z",
"minute": "36",
"month": "05",
"second": "01",
"time": "04:36:01",
"tz": "UTC",
"tz_offset": "+0000",
"weekday": "Thứ bảy",
"weekday_number": "6",
"weeknumber": "20",
"year": "2020"
},
"ansible_default_ipv4": {
"address": "104.207.151.59",
"alias": "eth0",
"broadcast": "104.207.151.255",
"gateway": "104.207.150.1",
"interface": "eth0",
"macaddress": "56:00:02:05:95:22",
"mtu": 1500,
"netmask": "255.255.254.0",
"network": "104.207.150.0",
"type": "ether"
},
"ansible_default_ipv6": {},
"ansible_device_links": {
"ids": {
"sr0": [
"ata-QEMU_DVD-ROM_QM00003"
]
},
"labels": {},
"masters": {},
"uuids": {
"vda1": [
"e9842005-de6f-45ec-b782-a60f850f532d"
]
}
},
"ansible_devices": {
"sr0": {
"holders": [],
"host": "",
"links": {
"ids": [
"ata-QEMU_DVD-ROM_QM00003"
],
"labels": [],
"masters": [],
"uuids": []
},
"model": "QEMU DVD-ROM",
"partitions": {},
"removable": "1",
"rotational": "1",
"sas_address": null,
"sas_device_handle": null,
"scheduler_mode": "deadline",
"sectors": "2097151",
"sectorsize": "512",
"size": "1024.00 MB",
"support_discard": "0",
"vendor": "QEMU",
"virtual": 1
},
"vda": {
"holders": [],
"host": "",
"links": {
"ids": [],
"labels": [],
"masters": [],
"uuids": []
},
"model": null,
"partitions": {
"vda1": {
"holders": [],
"links": {
"ids": [],
"labels": [],
"masters": [],
"uuids": [
"e9842005-de6f-45ec-b782-a60f850f532d"
]
},
"sectors": "335542239",
"sectorsize": 512,
"size": "160.00 GB",
"start": "2048",
"uuid": "e9842005-de6f-45ec-b782-a60f850f532d"
}
},
"removable": "0",
"rotational": "1",
"sas_address": null,
"sas_device_handle": null,
"scheduler_mode": "mq-deadline",
"sectors": "335544320",
"sectorsize": "512",
"size": "160.00 GB",
"support_discard": "0",
"vendor": "0x1af4",
"virtual": 1
}
},
"ansible_distribution": "CentOS",
"ansible_distribution_file_parsed": true,
"ansible_distribution_file_path": "/etc/redhat-release",
"ansible_distribution_file_variety": "RedHat",
"ansible_distribution_major_version": "7",
"ansible_distribution_release": "Core",
"ansible_distribution_version": "7.7",
"ansible_dns": {
"nameservers": [
"108.61.10.10"
]
},
"ansible_domain": "local",
"ansible_effective_group_id": 0,
"ansible_effective_user_id": 0,
"ansible_env": {
"HOME": "/root",
"LANG": "en_US.UTF-8",
"LC_ADDRESS": "vi_VN",
"LC_IDENTIFICATION": "vi_VN",
"LC_MEASUREMENT": "vi_VN",
"LC_MONETARY": "vi_VN",
"LC_NAME": "vi_VN",
"LC_NUMERIC": "vi_VN",
"LC_PAPER": "vi_VN",
"LC_TELEPHONE": "vi_VN",
"LC_TIME": "vi_VN",
"LESSOPEN": "||/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %s",
"LOGNAME": "root",
"LS_COLORS": "rs=0:di=38;5;27:ln=38;5;51:mh=44;38;5;15:pi=40;38;5;11:so=38;5;13:do=38;5;5:bd=48;5;232;38;5;11:cd=48;5;232;38;5;3:or=48;5;232;38;5;9:mi=05;48;5;232;38;5;15:su=48;5;196;38;5;15:sg=48;5;11;38;5;16:ca=48;5;196;38;5;226:tw=48;5;10;38;5;16:ow=48;5;10;38;5;21:st=48;5;21;38;5;15:ex=38;5;34:*.tar=38;5;9:*.tgz=38;5;9:*.arc=38;5;9:*.arj=38;5;9:*.taz=38;5;9:*.lha=38;5;9:*.lz4=38;5;9:*.lzh=38;5;9:*.lzma=38;5;9:*.tlz=38;5;9:*.txz=38;5;9:*.tzo=38;5;9:*.t7z=38;5;9:*.zip=38;5;9:*.z=38;5;9:*.Z=38;5;9:*.dz=38;5;9:*.gz=38;5;9:*.lrz=38;5;9:*.lz=38;5;9:*.lzo=38;5;9:*.xz=38;5;9:*.bz2=38;5;9:*.bz=38;5;9:*.tbz=38;5;9:*.tbz2=38;5;9:*.tz=38;5;9:*.deb=38;5;9:*.rpm=38;5;9:*.jar=38;5;9:*.war=38;5;9:*.ear=38;5;9:*.sar=38;5;9:*.rar=38;5;9:*.alz=38;5;9:*.ace=38;5;9:*.zoo=38;5;9:*.cpio=38;5;9:*.7z=38;5;9:*.rz=38;5;9:*.cab=38;5;9:*.jpg=38;5;13:*.jpeg=38;5;13:*.gif=38;5;13:*.bmp=38;5;13:*.pbm=38;5;13:*.pgm=38;5;13:*.ppm=38;5;13:*.tga=38;5;13:*.xbm=38;5;13:*.xpm=38;5;13:*.tif=38;5;13:*.tiff=38;5;13:*.png=38;5;13:*.svg=38;5;13:*.svgz=38;5;13:*.mng=38;5;13:*.pcx=38;5;13:*.mov=38;5;13:*.mpg=38;5;13:*.mpeg=38;5;13:*.m2v=38;5;13:*.mkv=38;5;13:*.webm=38;5;13:*.ogm=38;5;13:*.mp4=38;5;13:*.m4v=38;5;13:*.mp4v=38;5;13:*.vob=38;5;13:*.qt=38;5;13:*.nuv=38;5;13:*.wmv=38;5;13:*.asf=38;5;13:*.rm=38;5;13:*.rmvb=38;5;13:*.flc=38;5;13:*.avi=38;5;13:*.fli=38;5;13:*.flv=38;5;13:*.gl=38;5;13:*.dl=38;5;13:*.xcf=38;5;13:*.xwd=38;5;13:*.yuv=38;5;13:*.cgm=38;5;13:*.emf=38;5;13:*.axv=38;5;13:*.anx=38;5;13:*.ogv=38;5;13:*.ogx=38;5;13:*.aac=38;5;45:*.au=38;5;45:*.flac=38;5;45:*.mid=38;5;45:*.midi=38;5;45:*.mka=38;5;45:*.mp3=38;5;45:*.mpc=38;5;45:*.ogg=38;5;45:*.ra=38;5;45:*.wav=38;5;45:*.axa=38;5;45:*.oga=38;5;45:*.spx=38;5;45:*.xspf=38;5;45:",
"MAIL": "/var/mail/root",
"PATH": "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin",
"PWD": "/root",
"SHELL": "/bin/bash",
"SHLVL": "2",
"SSH_CLIENT": "1.55.0.30 29284 22",
"SSH_CONNECTION": "1.55.0.30 29284 104.207.151.59 22",
"SSH_TTY": "/dev/pts/0",
"TERM": "xterm-256color",
"USER": "root",
"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR": "/run/user/0",
"XDG_SESSION_ID": "139101",
"_": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"ansible_eth0": {
"active": true,
"device": "eth0",
"features": {
"busy_poll": "off [fixed]",
"fcoe_mtu": "off [fixed]",
"generic_receive_offload": "on",
"generic_segmentation_offload": "on",
"highdma": "on [fixed]",
"hw_tc_offload": "off [fixed]",
"l2_fwd_offload": "off [fixed]",
"large_receive_offload": "off [fixed]",
"loopback": "off [fixed]",
"netns_local": "off [fixed]",
"ntuple_filters": "off [fixed]",
"receive_hashing": "off [fixed]",
"rx_all": "off [fixed]",
"rx_checksumming": "on [fixed]",
"rx_fcs": "off [fixed]",
"rx_gro_hw": "off [fixed]",
"rx_udp_tunnel_port_offload": "off [fixed]",
"rx_vlan_filter": "on [fixed]",
"rx_vlan_offload": "off [fixed]",
"rx_vlan_stag_filter": "off [fixed]",
"rx_vlan_stag_hw_parse": "off [fixed]",
"scatter_gather": "on",
"tcp_segmentation_offload": "on",
"tx_checksum_fcoe_crc": "off [fixed]",
"tx_checksum_ip_generic": "on",
"tx_checksum_ipv4": "off [fixed]",
"tx_checksum_ipv6": "off [fixed]",
"tx_checksum_sctp": "off [fixed]",
"tx_checksumming": "on",
"tx_fcoe_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_gre_csum_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_gre_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_gso_partial": "off [fixed]",
"tx_gso_robust": "off [fixed]",
"tx_ipip_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_lockless": "off [fixed]",
"tx_nocache_copy": "off",
"tx_scatter_gather": "on",
"tx_scatter_gather_fraglist": "off [fixed]",
"tx_sctp_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_sit_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_tcp6_segmentation": "on",
"tx_tcp_ecn_segmentation": "on",
"tx_tcp_mangleid_segmentation": "off",
"tx_tcp_segmentation": "on",
"tx_udp_tnl_csum_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_udp_tnl_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_vlan_offload": "off [fixed]",
"tx_vlan_stag_hw_insert": "off [fixed]",
"udp_fragmentation_offload": "on",
"vlan_challenged": "off [fixed]"
},
"hw_timestamp_filters": [],
"ipv4": {
"address": "104.207.151.59",
"broadcast": "104.207.151.255",
"netmask": "255.255.254.0",
"network": "104.207.150.0"
},
"macaddress": "56:00:02:05:95:22",
"module": "virtio_net",
"mtu": 1500,
"pciid": "virtio0",
"promisc": false,
"timestamping": [
"rx_software",
"software"
],
"type": "ether"
},
"ansible_fibre_channel_wwn": [],
"ansible_fips": false,
"ansible_form_factor": "Other",
"ansible_fqdn": "drop_us_vip.local",
"ansible_hostname": "sweb-1",
"ansible_hostnqn": "",
"ansible_interfaces": [
"lo",
"eth0"
],
"ansible_is_chroot": false,
"ansible_iscsi_iqn": "",
"ansible_kernel": "3.10.0-957.12.1.el7.x86_64",
"ansible_kernel_version": "#1 SMP Mon Apr 29 14:59:59 UTC 2019",
"ansible_lo": {
"active": true,
"device": "lo",
"features": {
"busy_poll": "off [fixed]",
"fcoe_mtu": "off [fixed]",
"generic_receive_offload": "on",
"generic_segmentation_offload": "on",
"highdma": "on [fixed]",
"hw_tc_offload": "off [fixed]",
"l2_fwd_offload": "off [fixed]",
"large_receive_offload": "off [fixed]",
"loopback": "on [fixed]",
"netns_local": "on [fixed]",
"ntuple_filters": "off [fixed]",
"receive_hashing": "off [fixed]",
"rx_all": "off [fixed]",
"rx_checksumming": "on [fixed]",
"rx_fcs": "off [fixed]",
"rx_gro_hw": "off [fixed]",
"rx_udp_tunnel_port_offload": "off [fixed]",
"rx_vlan_filter": "off [fixed]",
"rx_vlan_offload": "off [fixed]",
"rx_vlan_stag_filter": "off [fixed]",
"rx_vlan_stag_hw_parse": "off [fixed]",
"scatter_gather": "on",
"tcp_segmentation_offload": "on",
"tx_checksum_fcoe_crc": "off [fixed]",
"tx_checksum_ip_generic": "on [fixed]",
"tx_checksum_ipv4": "off [fixed]",
"tx_checksum_ipv6": "off [fixed]",
"tx_checksum_sctp": "on [fixed]",
"tx_checksumming": "on",
"tx_fcoe_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_gre_csum_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_gre_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_gso_partial": "off [fixed]",
"tx_gso_robust": "off [fixed]",
"tx_ipip_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_lockless": "on [fixed]",
"tx_nocache_copy": "off [fixed]",
"tx_scatter_gather": "on [fixed]",
"tx_scatter_gather_fraglist": "on [fixed]",
"tx_sctp_segmentation": "on",
"tx_sit_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_tcp6_segmentation": "on",
"tx_tcp_ecn_segmentation": "on",
"tx_tcp_mangleid_segmentation": "on",
"tx_tcp_segmentation": "on",
"tx_udp_tnl_csum_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_udp_tnl_segmentation": "off [fixed]",
"tx_vlan_offload": "off [fixed]",
"tx_vlan_stag_hw_insert": "off [fixed]",
"udp_fragmentation_offload": "on",
"vlan_challenged": "on [fixed]"
},
"hw_timestamp_filters": [],
"ipv4": {
"address": "127.0.0.1",
"broadcast": "host",
"netmask": "255.0.0.0",
"network": "127.0.0.0"
},
"mtu": 65536,
"promisc": false,
"timestamping": [
"rx_software",
"software"
],
"type": "loopback"
},
"ansible_local": {},
"ansible_lsb": {},
"ansible_machine": "x86_64",
"ansible_machine_id": "2ebd9a45d094438fbe08857df978b94e",
"ansible_memfree_mb": 731,
"ansible_memory_mb": {
"nocache": {
"free": 3319,
"used": 4502
},
"real": {
"free": 731,
"total": 7821,
"used": 7090
},
"swap": {
"cached": 12,
"free": 3615,
"total": 4095,
"used": 480
}
},
"ansible_memtotal_mb": 7821,
"ansible_mounts": [
{
"block_available": 18812069,
"block_size": 4096,
"block_total": 41291712,
"block_used": 22479643,
"device": "/dev/vda1",
"fstype": "ext4",
"inode_available": 8798388,
"inode_total": 10240000,
"inode_used": 1441612,
"mount": "/",
"options": "rw,relatime,data=ordered",
"size_available": 77054234624,
"size_total": 169130852352,
"uuid": "e9842005-de6f-45ec-b782-a60f850f532d"
}
],
"ansible_nodename": "sweb-1",
"ansible_os_family": "RedHat",
"ansible_pkg_mgr": "yum",
"ansible_proc_cmdline": {
"BOOT_IMAGE": "/boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.12.1.el7.x86_64",
"LANG": "en_US.UTF-8",
"consoleblank": "0",
"crashkernel": "auto",
"quiet": true,
"rhgb": true,
"ro": true,
"root": "UUID=e9842005-de6f-45ec-b782-a60f850f532d"
},
"ansible_processor": [
"0",
"GenuineIntel",
"Virtual CPU 82d9ed4018dd",
"1",
"GenuineIntel",
"Virtual CPU 82d9ed4018dd",
"2",
"GenuineIntel",
"Virtual CPU 82d9ed4018dd",
"3",
"GenuineIntel",
"Virtual CPU 82d9ed4018dd"
],
"ansible_processor_cores": 4,
"ansible_processor_count": 1,
"ansible_processor_threads_per_core": 1,
"ansible_processor_vcpus": 4,
"ansible_product_name": "Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)",
"ansible_product_serial": "NA",
"ansible_product_uuid": "2EBD9A45-D094-438F-BE08-857DF978B94E",
"ansible_product_version": "pc-i440fx-3.0",
"ansible_python": {
"executable": "/usr/bin/python",
"has_sslcontext": true,
"type": "CPython",
"version": {
"major": 2,
"micro": 5,
"minor": 7,
"releaselevel": "final",
"serial": 0
},
"version_info": [
2,
7,
5,
"final",
0
]
},
"ansible_python_version": "2.7.5",
"ansible_real_group_id": 0,
"ansible_real_user_id": 0,
"ansible_selinux": {
"status": "disabled"
},
"ansible_selinux_python_present": true,
"ansible_service_mgr": "systemd",
"ansible_ssh_host_key_ecdsa_public": "AAAAE2VjZHNhLXNoYTItbmlzdHAyNTYAAAAIbmlzdHAyNTYAAABBBAlvQIQIWrMz+7fdSZXJgzG7QLU+HFLtWrFfTqFwXcZKhymtD0ZiQMbf/HbMwCvX9aBtc+2QpuRrQ19/kaJIn/I=",
"ansible_ssh_host_key_ed25519_public": "AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIPhM8eEJyUQtpPUAy/aNn/BAb5/sup+oDX4syVp3ua5N",
"ansible_ssh_host_key_rsa_public": "AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDVpf5A31WdX6L1N1FRUBb5bPNiN4rmmi3yShBvyFwhnarC6kgFEty0wZd17MfLm3VMZRBVUlD913b5ZVUugGgVImNvXlMVzSs7hAE+NMQSh1Mu2zn8A5X+ZoCyYIgsCLCkpqA7KOUs4J6T5ArdVMsVp/AxHcJw41yYdLyONy7EaGW1+c3jFly6AtDWekWbJiw4XXzOaBl9P5HWBUT7mUQdd6p2UOvoXJUPHTNZtEEcmaRDGX1Ai0IFTD/gdKxTGtTmbbR5YCNPsw1sgdBtPdqLEBHHXyclAupAdnl0o+9Iv6oXnY89lWdOPZh2n7Q6r9HDmqKImMIu/92lwCcahEAL",
"ansible_swapfree_mb": 3615,
"ansible_swaptotal_mb": 4095,
"ansible_system": "Linux",
"ansible_system_capabilities": [
"cap_chown",
"cap_dac_override",
"cap_dac_read_search",
"cap_fowner",
"cap_fsetid",
"cap_kill",
"cap_setgid",
"cap_setuid",
"cap_setpcap",
"cap_linux_immutable",
"cap_net_bind_service",
"cap_net_broadcast",
"cap_net_admin",
"cap_net_raw",
"cap_ipc_lock",
"cap_ipc_owner",
"cap_sys_module",
"cap_sys_rawio",
"cap_sys_chroot",
"cap_sys_ptrace",
"cap_sys_pacct",
"cap_sys_admin",
"cap_sys_boot",
"cap_sys_nice",
"cap_sys_resource",
"cap_sys_time",
"cap_sys_tty_config",
"cap_mknod",
"cap_lease",
"cap_audit_write",
"cap_audit_control",
"cap_setfcap",
"cap_mac_override",
"cap_mac_admin",
"cap_syslog",
"35",
"36+ep"
],
"ansible_system_capabilities_enforced": "True",
"ansible_system_vendor": "QEMU",
"ansible_uptime_seconds": 8165867,
"ansible_user_dir": "/root",
"ansible_user_gecos": "root",
"ansible_user_gid": 0,
"ansible_user_id": "root",
"ansible_user_shell": "/bin/bash",
"ansible_user_uid": 0,
"ansible_userspace_architecture": "x86_64",
"ansible_userspace_bits": "64",
"ansible_virtualization_role": "guest",
"ansible_virtualization_type": "kvm",
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python",
"gather_subset": [
"all"
],
"module_setup": true
},
"changed": false
}
Kết quả trả về định dạng json, bạn có thể lên https://jsoneditoronline.org/, copy vào nó sẽ ra filter cho mình dễ nhìn.
Các bạn có thể nhìn rõ hơn tại link sau: https://jsoneditoronline.org/#left=cloud.dca33b468f7d4f2a98f98d9367081e52
Có kết quả rồi bạn muốn lấy biến nào cũng sẽ được, ví dụ để lấy IP của host, mình sẽ đi theo cây thư mục vào như hình sau:
như vậy mình sẽ có variables là {{ ansible_eth0.ipv4.address }}, thử xem đúng ko bạn có thể kiểm chứng lại với ansible-playbook
– Tạo 1 file main.yml
---
- name: collect
hosts: all
become: yes
become_method: sudo
tasks:
- debug:
msg: '{{ansible_eth0.ipv4.address}}'
run playbook:
| sudo ansible-playbook -i hosts test.yml -u root |
đây là kết quả:
| tritran@tritran-Latitude-E6540:~/Desktop/Ansible/LEMP-COMPILE-CENTOS7_v1.2$ sudo ansible-playbook -i hosts test.yml -u root
PLAY [collect] ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** ok: [104.207.151.59] TASK [debug] ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** ok: [104.207.151.59] => { “msg”: “104.207.151.59” } PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** 104.207.151.59 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 |
Tương tự, mình muốn lấy dung lượng disk của host chẳng hạn, sẽ lấy variable {{ansible_devices.vda.size}}
| tritran@tritran-Latitude-E6540:~/Desktop/Ansible/LEMP-COMPILE-CENTOS7_v1.2$ sudo ansible-playbook -i hosts test.yml -u root
PLAY [collect] ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** ok: [104.207.151.59] TASK [debug] ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** ok: [104.207.151.59] => { “msg”: “160.00 GB” } PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** 104.207.151.59 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 |
Để show all variables cả trên host và tự định nghĩa, bạn dùng var: hostvars[inventory_hostname]
--- - name: collect hosts: all become: yes become_method: sudo tasks: - debug: var: hostvars[inventory_hostname]
II. Lý do
Mục đích lấy variable này làm gì nhỉ? 😐 😐 😐
– Thu thập thông tin. Bạn có thể biết nhiều thông tin khác nhau như OS type, disk, memory…
– Sử dụng variable này vào playbook mà không cần tư định nghĩa. Điều này giúp playbook mình chuyên nghiệp hơn nhiều đấy.
III. Tổng kết
Kết thúc bài giới thiệu, đây không hẳn là một tuts, chỉ mong là các bạn vận dụng nó như một trick giúp công việc trôi chảy hơn. Thân chào và cám ơn các bạn!
